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What is space made of? An astrophysics expert explains all the components – from radiation to dark matter – found in the vacuum of space
What comes to mind when you think of space? Imagine a friend boasting about a spacious building, stadium or museum they recently visited. Do you envision the building as vast and expansive? Is it simply very large, or does it seem empty? The word spacious does not necessarily mean empty. It simply indicates that there is enough room to move around the objects inside it. Similarly, outer space is not completely empty. It is vast and forever expanding, but there’s a lot of stuff in it. As a kid, I used to wonder about questions like how far away the clouds are, what lies beyond Earth and how vast space is. This curiosity led me to pursue master’s and Ph.D. degrees in astronomy. I have been teaching about these very concepts for two decades as a physics instructional professor at the University of Texas, Arlington. Where does space begin? Earth is surrounded by different layers of various gases. At sea level, Earth’s atmosphere contains about 100 billion billion molecules, or 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules per cubic centimeter. As we ascend, the atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner.
At an altitude of about 50 to 62 miles (80 to 100 km), there isn’t enough air for airplanes to fly. This boundary, which separates the Earth’s atmosphere from outer space, is called the Kármán line, named after the Hungarian-American engineer and physicist Theodore von Kármán. Everything above the Kármán line is called space. The density of space can vary, but, on average, it is around only 1 atom per cubic centimeter. Just imagine – a dice-sized cube of Earth’s atmosphere contains billions and billions of air particles. But in space, the same-sized cube contains only one or two particles. The interstellar medium and radiation Space, or outer space, is a vast, near-perfect vacuum largely devoid of matter. This vacuum contains very few particles compared with Earth’s atmosphere. However, it’s not entirely empty. Space is dotted with scattered matter called the interstellar medium, which includes hydrogen and helium atoms. These are the most common elements in space, and they exist in both charged and neutral forms. The interstellar medium also contains cosmic dust – tiny particles of various elements, including carbon and silicon, scattered throughout space. High-energy particles called cosmic rays – which are primarily protons and the nuclei of atoms – travel through space at nearly the speed of light. Cosmic rays come from various stars including our Sun, as well as from supernovae, the material falling into black holes, colliding galaxies and more.
Space is filled with various forms of radiation, including cosmic microwave background radiation. This is remnant heat from the origin of the universe. High-energy cosmic events like supernovae and black holes also emit X-rays and gamma rays. Magnetic fields generated by stars, planets and many other celestial bodies also permeate space. These fields influence the motion of charged particles by attracting or repelling them like magnets. Dark matter and dark energy Scientists predict that an as-yet unseen form of matter that does not emit light or energy, called dark matter, makes up a significant portion of the universe’s mass. Researchers guess that it exists because they can see its gravitational pull on other visible matter. Similarly, scientists predict a mysterious form of energy called dark energy is driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Unlike dark matter, dark energy is not related to matter or gravitational forces, but it’s a property of space itself. Imagine the universe as a balloon. Dark matter is like the balloon’s material, affecting its shape, while dark energy is like the air being pumped into it. It doesn’t change the balloon’s material, but it influences how quickly the balloon expands. Does space warp? Can gravity bend space? Space can also warp. Imagine that space is like a big, stretchy trampoline. If you put a heavy ball, like a bowling ball, in the middle of the trampoline, it makes a big dip downward. This dip is similar to how space warps around something big, like a planet or a star. The bigger the ball, the stronger the gravity and the deeper the dip.
If you roll a smaller marble across the trampoline with the bowling ball in the center of it, marbles might start going around the dip made by the bowling ball’s gravity. The marble follows the curve of the dip, just like how planets follow the curve of space around the Sun. Imagine that you shine a flashlight across the trampoline. If the light goes near the dip made by the bowling ball, it might bend a little bit as it travels. This is like how light bends when it passes near a very big object in space, such as a galaxy. Think of a black hole, which has huge gravity, as an even bigger, deeper dip in the trampoline. If you rolled a marble too close to this super-deep dip, it would fall in and disappear, just like how things can get pulled into a black hole in space and can’t escape. So, space can warp or bend around big things that have lots of gravity, just like a trampoline bends when you put a heavy ball on it. Space is more than just emptiness. It contains a mix of particles, radiation, magnetic fields and mysterious forms of matter and energy. Imagine space as a 3D playground, inside which objects like stars, planets, nebulas and galaxies exist and together make up our fascinating and complex universe.
I'm not a scientist, physicist, or astronomer... I'm a philosopher, fantasist, dreamer...
I'm not the vocabulary, all the words in the dictionary, in books, the accents and punctuation. I'm not an intellectual, writer, poet. A romancista, a novelist of mathematics and logic, a calculator, with precedents, with proper and good behavior. I don´t follow laws and rules, ethics, le savoir faire, a gentleman, businessman, rich
I don´t like people
Are you having a good time´
I don´t like it.
Sociologist and Philosanthropist
Well, I am not all that, but I try to have some knowledge of things to learn something and be something, someone like me.
What´s beyond the Universe´ The infinite, the end the beginning of something´
(Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit lonely And you never coming 'round (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit tired Of listening to the sound of my tears (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit nervous That the best of all the years have gone by (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit terrified And then I see the look in your eyes Turn around, bright eyes Every now and then I fall apart Turn around, bright eyes Every now and then I fall apart (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit restless And I dream of something wild (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit helpless And I'm lying like a child in your arms (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit angry And I know I've got to get out and cry (Turn around) Every now and then I get a little bit terrified But then I see the look in your eyes Turn around, bright eyes Every now and then I fall apart Turn around, bright eyes Every now and then I fall apart And I need you now tonight And I need you more than ever And if you only hold me tight We'll be holding on forever And we'll only be making it right 'Cause we'll never be wrong Together we can take it to the end of the line Our love is like a shadow on me all of the time (all of the time) I don't know what to do, and I'm always in the dark We're living in a powder keg and giving off sparks I really need you tonight Forever's gonna start tonight Forever's gonna start tonight Once upon a time, I was falling in love Now I'm only falling apart There's nothing I can do A total eclipse of the heart Once upon a time But now there's only love in the dark Nothing I can say A total eclipse of the heart Turn around, bright eyes Turn around, bright eyes ((Turn around)) Every now and then, I know you'll never be the boy You always wanted to be ((Turn around)) But every now and then, I know you'll always be the only boy Who wanted me the way that I am ((Turn around)) Every now and then, I know there's no one in the universe As magical and wondrous as you ((Turn around)) Every now and then, I know there's nothing any better There's nothing that I just wouldn't do (Turn around, bright eyes) Every now and then, I fall apart (Turn around, bright eyes) Every now and then, I fall apart And I need you now tonight (and I need you) And I need you more than ever And if you only hold me tight (if you love me) We'll be holding on forever And we'll only be making it right (and we'll never) 'Cause we'll never be wrong Together we can take it to the end of the line Your love is like a shadow on me all of the time (all of the time) I don't know what to do, I'm always in the dark We're living in a powder keg and giving off sparks I really need you tonight Forever's gonna start tonight (Forever's gonna start tonight) Once upon a time, I was falling in love But now I'm only falling apart Nothing I can do A total eclipse of the heart Once upon a time, there was light in my life But now there's only love in the dark Nothing I can say A total eclipse of the heart A total eclipse of the heart A total eclipse of the heart Turn around, bright eyes
Turn around, bright eyes (Turn around) Ooh-ooh Ah-ha, ah-ha Ah-ha, ah-ha Ooh-ooh
Staring out the window At places in the starlit horizon I'm waiting in the darkness For arrival But the sands of my time are running low Lost and stranded far away from home Peeping through the window in the darkness - parted in our hearts Glowing turning circles where we go - no, they won't let go, let go Blind our souls with raging burning madness Out in the heavens we're ready to fight Too late to cry The final conclusion is roaring inside Too proud to die Gaze at the stars, the glowing god of mars Is shining for us, anywhere in the galaxy Time is right for us to see, the world will long for liberty The fallen heroes calling me, anywhere in the galaxy Anywhere... in the galaxy Anywhere... in the galaxy And now our blood is boiling on the edge of life Where is the place for our survival Up to the stars, we have come from the night Too late to cry The final conclusion is roaring inside Too proud to die Gaze at the stars, the glowing god of mars Is shining for us, anywhere in the galaxy Time is right for us to see, the world will long for liberty Fallen heroes calling me, anywhere in the galaxy Anywhere in the galaxy, we will fight for our destiny Anywhere in the galaxy, we will always run free Anywhere in the galaxy, Anywhere in the galaxy And now the story finally ends, with no disgrace for our survival Outrageous fury in my hands, and turning circles turn no more Too late to cry Out in the heavens we're ready to fight Too proud to die the final conclusion is roaring inside Gaze at the stars, the glowing god of mars Is shining for us, anywhere in the galaxy Time is right for us to see, the world wil long for liberty Fallen heroes calling me, anywhere in the galaxy Anywhere in the galaxy Anywhere in the galaxy
Nina 👄👄👄👄👄👄 NGR







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